A charity appeal letter for Action Against Hunger

I am the director of a company called Action against Hunger which You may have heard of, I am writing to you to ask your generosity and kindness to those less golden than you. I am hoping that you can spare a small amount of cadence to read my letter, and consider making a donation. You may be thinking that this is just another junk letter asking for money for a deceitful cause, but we need your help. Firstly, Action against hunger is an organisation that helps children and adults all around the knowledge domain suffering from malnutritionAction against Hungers vision is of a world without hunger. A world in which all children and adults have sufficient food and water, equitable access to the resources that sustain life, and are able to attain these with dignity. Our mission is to carry out lives by eliminating hunger through the prevention, detection and treatment of malnutrition, especially during and after emergency situations of conflict, war and natural disaster. From crisis to sustainability, we tackle the underlying causes of malnutrition and its effects. By integrating our programmes with topical anaesthetic and national systems we further ensure that short-term interventions become long-term solutions.As you can see, we do a lot of things for people that are less fortunate than us, and we need all the donation we can get to keep this going. Your support is immensely powerful. Regardless of the amount, it enables our field workers to save lives, feeding children on the brink of death, service of process isolated and vulnerable communities, and providing families with clean and safe drinking water. You can change a persons life. So why wait?Furthermore, the expected rains across large areas of the region (including north east Kenya and large parts of Somalia) have failed, leading to an severe food crisis. Thousands of families, including around 70,000 children, have been forced to flee the drought-stricken homes to survive, with numerous joining overcrowded refugee camps. What if you were in this position? And you were the one begging for food. They do need your help, or the worse could happen. No person was born to die. So help labor global hunger

Addicted to Food? Essay

Obesity and over eraseing are growing problems in America today. In this name by Oliver Grimm, he cited studies that speculate that in 2000 112,000 d warehs were caused by obesity. There is also evidence that up to 1/3 of the US population may be considered wakeless or obese. These numbers are startling and the root of this problem is under intense debate and scientific inquiry. This search by scientist has led to many discoveries and theories merchant ship why some people are unable to control their eating habits or their exercising weight. One question that this article attempts to address is Is overeating and addiction to aliment similar to do doses addiction and what role does body chemistry play?.Horm stars are the regulators of the human body. There is much current search being aimed at these chemicals within the body and especi each(prenominal)y how they affect brain chemistry and maybe even addictive manners. Dopamine is one hormone that has been examined in both dru g addicts and obese individual. Dopamine produces a reward sensation in the brain when we get something we want or when we are surprised.There is some seek that says that drug addicts and obese individuals tend to have fewer dopamine receptors in the brain. This may cause them to have the urge to continue consuming food or drugs beyond a normal need. With fewer receptors, the brain may continue to look for ways to sate itself. Research the author cited pointed to rats that were denied dopamine soon would not eat anything.Another chemical that may prove to be important in fighting the obesity epidemic and drug addiction is leptin. This hormone has been shown to curb lust when it is released from adipose (fat) cells where it eventually reached the hypothalamus. Lab animals deprived of this chemical soon became obese. This hormone may provide a vital link in helping sternly obese people control their eating. If individuals have a faulty feedback mechanism or a lack of production of leptin, this may cause them to want to eat more.Other areas to be explored are how certain parts of the brain react to addiction, satiety and pleasure. Areas of the brain that have been researched that Mr. Grimm examines are the amygdala and the orbitofrontalis(OFC).The amygdale seems to have some elaborateness in our response to food or drugs when we are hungry for them. It does not seem to be activated as much when we have taken in food or drugs. The OFC is generally thought of as an area of the brain that helps us to maintain rational behavior and use good judgment. This area may be operating differently in addicts.The author says that diet, exercise and lifestyle are the best ways to live healthy and control weight. His view however, is that all research cited shows. the brain processes stimuli related to eating in much the same way that it does to other addictive stimuli(Grimm, 2007). For us to have a pause sympathy of why certain people find it so hard to control their weigh t we may have to look more at addictive behaviors and the research that has been conducted. For all their differences, drug addiction and obesity seem to be two sides of the same coin. (Grimm, 2007)2) What are you being asked to call back in this article?In Mr. Grimms article we asked to believe that 9.1% of medical expenditures if for overweight and obese patients. We are also asked to believe that one-third of the US population may be overweight or obese according to studies. Overweight is defined a having a body mass index greater than 25. Simply put, body mass index is your weight divided by your height. We are asked to believe that obesity and being overweight are at epidemic proportions in this country.We are also being asked to believe that much of a someones behavior when it comes to addiction and food consumption in obese individuals may be directly related to the persons brain chemistry or factors affecting it. While the author agrees that there are many factors in a hea lthy lifestyle and behavior control, much of the article deals with research that says that hormones, brain function and chemical activity are huge contributors in how a person reacts to stimuli.Leptin and dopamine are seen as avenues that may lead to breakthroughs in the area of obesity. Areas of the brain such as the amygdala and the OFC are seen as possible areas that may lead to a better understanding of cravings and addictions.I believe that the main idea that the author is trying to convey is that drug addiction and food consumption are very near related. We are asked to consider that a person who is obese may be in a similar predicament as a drug addict. The article says that drugs that help drug addicts may also help us to treat severe obesity. Again we are asked to parallel the two dilemmas and weigh their relevance to one another. It is hard for people to associate obesity with drug addiction, but Mr. Grimm would like us think otherwise and keep an open mind to the possib ility of research in drug addiction that could lead to breakthroughs in obesity and weight management.

Madness

Maddness and sanity are seen to be univers wholly(prenominal)y kn have got opposites. They are as distinguishable as two things skunk get. They are generally seen to be balancing forces such as light vs. Dark, yin vs. Yang, and so on. In the Baccae, Pentheus represents sanity, while Dionysus represents maddness. However, Euriprides portrays the struggle amongst maddness and sanity as one sided, rather than an even battle. through out The Baccae, Euriprides hints at maddness being the ultimately preponderating force in the battle amid the two.Various events in the Baccae verbalise that Euriprides believes hat the battle between sanity and maddness is always in favor of the side of maddness, covering that maddness will always win in the end. In the Baccae, the seer Tiresias chastises Pentheus for non honoring Dionysus. Pentheus has been arguing that all the new theologys rituals are crazy, and he does not want them allowed in his city, to which Tiresias responds There is no reanimate for rabies when the cure itself is mad. (22). Tiresias is trying to tell Pentheus that him that disavowing the imbecility that Dionysus brings is itself a crazy idea.Pentheus epresents sanity and order, and he is trying to keep his city from falling into the hands of the maddness that follows Dionysus. alone no matter how hard he tries, the struggle is between a god and a mortal. There is no way for Pentheus to win. This is Euripides showing that it is basically vapid to fght maddness, and that ultimately, we have no choice in the matter. Maddness is so dominant over sanity, that we it is a waste of effort, and things would be much easier if we simply succumbed to maddness.Speculating on the effect that Dionysus has brought with his presence, Pentheus ays So, uniform a wildfire it already hurries here, outrageously, this mass hysteria, disgracing us before the on the whole of Thebes. (121) No matter how much Pentheus did to prevent fad from enveloping his city and his entire life, the violence of madness is on the dot too strong. This quote shows the whelm super actor that madness has. No where in the Baccae does euripides show the awesome power that Pentheus, or sanity holds.Euripedes is once more showing that madness is far more powerful than sanity. Although madness can be held off for a while, like the simile to the wildfire, ltimately, the wildfire that is madness will windbag that which it inhabits. The chorus sings Slowly but surely divine power moves to annul the brutally minded man who in his wild delusions refuses to reverence the gods. (173)This is the Chorus alluding that to deny the gods is madness. This is an example that isnt an event of the story, but comes from the chorus, who arent involved at all with what maneuvers place. his is evidence which shows us that Euripides really is trying to show how maddness is dominant, not Just through the events that take place in the Baccae. Euripes is really trying to show the overwhelming power that maddness wields. The very fact that the people telling us this worship a god who induces madness as a hobby is Euripedes reinforcing the idea that no matter what you do in the world of The Bacchae, or in life, maddness ultimately dominates.The messenger comes subscribe to recount on what ne nas was toaming at the mouth Her eyeball dilated rolled. Her mind was gonepossessed by Bacchusshe could not hear her son. (225) The natural instinct of a mother is to protect and care for her issuance. That is what her natural, maternal instincts consist of. The eudaemonia of her offspring is any mothers natural, sane goal. So the fact that the maddness that Dionysus brings could make Agave rip her own son to shreds shows that maddness prevails over the sanity that Agave had. Agave was not known to be a particularly unstable character, so the fact that dionysius could drive her to swear such a terrible act to her own offspring leaves little hope for sanity prevail in t he fght.Euripedes uses such a terrible and sepulchral example to show that madness is a terrible and owerful force. Euripedes is showing us a metaphore, where sanity is represented by Pentheus, and he is torn apart by the maddness that has taken his own mother. This is a terrifying way for Euripedes to show the imbalance between the two forces. After Pentheus tries to chain and torture Dionysus, The god tries to persuade Pentheus to depart his mind. However Pentheus resists the persuasive power of the god. l dont think so. Youre mountain me up for your tricks again. (984) This shows that maddness can be fought. Pentheus is remaining strong, and fghts b ratiocination to the will of Dionysus. There is power in sanity, and it can be used to battle madness. But this is Just Euripedes showing that sanity is not completely defenseless. It is not him showing that sanity can wipe out madness in the end. Maddness can be battled, but it can never be defeated. This is showing that no matte r how drawn out the battle with madness can be, the end result will always be madness dominating. Euripedess outlook on the battle between sanity and madness is a peeled one.Tragedies are not supposed to be happy ending type of stories. Although Euripedes is saying that maddness will ultimately triumph over sanity, not everyone is confronted with that battle. Madness is not present in the lives of all living things. Euripides is saying that if madness presents itself, it will ultimately consume that which is puts itself upon. This is still a very bleak outlook on things, however it is only what Euripides is conveying through the Baccae. He whitethorn not even believe this, and if he does, there is no reason to believe he is correct.MadnessMaddness and sanity are seen to be universally known opposites. They are as different as two things can get. They are generally seen to be balancing forces such as light vs. Dark, yin vs. Yang, and so on. In the Baccae, Pentheus represents sanity, while Dionysus represents maddness. However, Euriprides portrays the struggle between maddness and sanity as one sided, rather than an even battle. Through out The Baccae, Euriprides hints at maddness being the ultimately dominant force in the battle between the two.Various events in the Baccae show that Euriprides believes hat the battle between sanity and maddness is always in favor of the side of maddness, showing that maddness will always win in the end. In the Baccae, the seer Tiresias chastises Pentheus for not honoring Dionysus. Pentheus has been arguing that all the new gods rituals are crazy, and he does not want them allowed in his city, to which Tiresias responds There is no cure for madness when the cure itself is mad. (22). Tiresias is trying to tell Pentheus that him that denying the madness that Dionysus brings is itself a crazy idea.Pentheus epresents sanity and order, and he is trying to keep his city from falling into the hands of the maddness that follows Dionys us. But no matter how hard he tries, the struggle is between a god and a mortal. There is no way for Pentheus to win. This is Euripides showing that it is basically futile to fght maddness, and that ultimately, we have no choice in the matter. Maddness is so dominant over sanity, that we it is a waste of effort, and things would be much easier if we simply succumbed to maddness.Speculating on the effect that Dionysus has brought with his presence, Pentheus ays So, like a wildfire it already hurries here, outrageously, this mass hysteria, disgracing us before the whole of Thebes. (121) No matter how much Pentheus did to prevent madness from enveloping his city and his entire life, the power of madness is Just too strong. This quote shows the overwhelming power that madness has. No where in the Baccae does euripides show the awesome power that Pentheus, or sanity holds.Euripedes is again showing that madness is far more powerful than sanity. Although madness can be held off for a whi le, like the simile to the wildfire, ltimately, the wildfire that is madness will envelope that which it inhabits. The chorus sings Slowly but surely divine power moves to annul the brutally minded man who in his wild delusions refuses to reverence the gods. (173)This is the Chorus alluding that to deny the gods is madness. This is an example that isnt an event of the story, but comes from the chorus, who arent involved at all with what takes place. his is evidence which shows us that Euripides really is trying to show how maddness is dominant, not Just through the events that take place in the Baccae. Euripes is really trying to show the overwhelming power that maddness wields. The very fact that the people telling us this worship a god who induces madness as a hobby is Euripedes reinforcing the idea that no matter what you do in the world of The Bacchae, or in life, maddness ultimately dominates.The messenger comes back to recount on what ne nas was toaming at the mouth Her eyes dilated rolled. Her mind was gonepossessed by Bacchusshe could not hear her son. (225) The natural instinct of a mother is to protect and care for her offspring. That is what her natural, maternal instincts consist of. The wellbeing of her offspring is any mothers natural, sane goal. So the fact that the maddness that Dionysus brings could make Agave rip her own son to shreds shows that maddness prevails over the sanity that Agave had. Agave was not known to be a particularly unstable character, so the fact that dionysius could drive her to commit such a terrible act to her own offspring leaves little hope for sanity prevail in the fght.Euripedes uses such a terrible and gruesome example to show that madness is a terrible and owerful force. Euripedes is showing us a metaphore, where sanity is represented by Pentheus, and he is torn apart by the maddness that has taken his own mother. This is a terrifying way for Euripedes to show the imbalance between the two forces. After Pentheus tries to chain and torture Dionysus, The god tries to persuade Pentheus to change his mind. However Pentheus resists the persuasive power of the god. l dont think so. Youre setting me up for your tricks again. (984) This shows that maddness can be fought. Pentheus is remaining strong, and fghts bending to the will of Dionysus. There is power in sanity, and it can be used to battle madness. But this is Just Euripedes showing that sanity is not completely defenseless. It is not him showing that sanity can defeat madness in the end. Maddness can be battled, but it can never be defeated. This is showing that no matter how drawn out the battle with madness can be, the end result will always be madness dominating. Euripedess outlook on the battle between sanity and madness is a bleak one.Tragedies are not supposed to be happy ending type of stories. Although Euripedes is saying that maddness will ultimately triumph over sanity, not everyone is confronted with that battle. Madness is not p resent in the lives of all living things. Euripides is saying that if madness presents itself, it will ultimately consume that which is puts itself upon. This is still a very bleak outlook on things, however it is only what Euripides is conveying through the Baccae. He may not even believe this, and if he does, there is no reason to believe he is correct.

Classification of Vibration

CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION Vibration can be classified in several ways. Some of the classical classifications ar as follows. Free Vibration. If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the ensuing vibration is known as free vibration. No away force acts on the system. The oscillation of a simple pendulum is an example of free vibration. Forced Vibration. If a system is subjected to an external force (often, a repeating pillow slip of force), the resulting vibration is known as forced vibration. The oscillation that arises in machines such as diesel engines is an example of forced vibration.If the frequency of the external force coincides with unity of the natural frequencies of the system, a condition known as resonance occurs, and the system undergoes dangerously large oscillations. Failures of such structures as buildings, bridges, turbines, and airplane wings have been associated with the item of resonance. If no slide fastener is lost or diss ipated in friction or other resistance during oscillation, the vibration is known as undamped vibration. If all energy is lost in this way, however, it is called damped vibration.In many physical systems, the amount of damping is so small that it can be disregarded for most engineering purposes. However, consideration of damping becomes extremely important in analyzing vibratory systems near resonance. If all the basic components of a vibratory system the spring, the mass, and the damper behave linearly, the resulting vibration is known as linear vibration. If, however, any of the basic components behave nonlinearly, the vibration is called nonlinear vibration. The differential equations that govern the behavior of linear and nonlinear vibratory systems argon linear and nonlinear, respectively.If the vibration is linear, the principle of superposition principle holds, and the mathematical techniques of analysis are well developed. For nonlinear vibration, the superposition princip le is not valid, and techniques of analysis are less well known. Since all vibratory systems extend to behave nonlinearly with increasing amplitude of oscillation, knowledge of nonlinear vibration is desirable in dealing with practical vibratory systems. If the value or magnitude of the aggravation (force or motion) acting on a vibratory system is known at any given time, the excitation is called deterministic.The resulting vibration is called as deterministic vibration. In some cases, the excitation is nondeterministic or random the value of the excitation at a given time cannot be predicted. In these cases, a large disposition of records of the excitation may exhibit some statistical regularity. It is possible to estimate averages such as the mean and mean square values of the excitation. Examples of random excitations are wind velocity, road roughness, and ground motion during earthquakes. If the excitation is random, the resulting vibration is called random vibration. Referen ce link http//classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

Poem

The poem stack its about a town sunken in floods, when it says deserted direction through which a river passes/ draw along the stones. It in want manner says l arrive full of mud and death and corpses ar sleeping which shows significant amount of deaths that would occur during a natural disaster. Also, emotions such as fear and sadness fool been conveyed through lines such as menacing gestures, a terrifying deserted eat room and l am sad. Melancholy inside families is a visual experience In the form of linguistic communication, depicting a disaster struck environment.Furthermore, it can be Imagined hat the 1st person narration Is coming from roughly form of matter other than humans. 2. Record two examples of Juxtaposition In the poem. A dining room where roses arrive/a dining room deserted and a grocery store a dining room deserted as a fish bone- simile. a ray of moonlight fasten down-metaphor. 4. It only takes a moment for e reallything to pass along apart, tomorrow is non going to be what it is today. firearm B 5. Describe Nurses inspirations.During his beginning years, Nurses inspiration was his mentor Gabriele Mistral, who gave him en force outurancement this is clearly visible in his start poem titled enthusiasm and perseverance. Once he had established himself in the publishing industry, his inspirations were gaunt from social and political beliefs, especially communism and Marxism. A great example for this is his work during the Spanish well-mannered war and revolution which resulted in the loss of his friend Garcia Loran. This knockout time inspired his work Spain in our hearts.As pragmatic his political views were, his romantic side was equally notable. nigher went through many failed relationships in the beginning he met his wife, these heart-breaking experiences inspired any of his romantic works, and the top of the list would be his work 20 poems of relish and 1 song of desperation. Needless to say, almost every experience in his life has inspired him. For example, when he was forced into exile by his own countrymen, he came up with his work The Grapes and the wind.In his last years, his inspiration was his wife his love for her inspired him to write 100 Sonnets of Love. 6. Other than poetry, in what activities was Ne ber involved? Other than poetry, Nearer had an eye for political reforms such as promoting communism and Marxism In two Chile and Spain. He was also responsible for keeping up diplomatic relations for the countries he delineated (Chile and Spain). 7. In your own words, describe Nurses poetic school of thought. Nurses poetry is not imaginary or larger than life, it is establish on real life experiences of the past, present and coming future.Nurses idea was not satisfy his thirst for authorship poems but to entertain people by constantly experimenting with his poetry, similar to how Picasso experimented with his paintings. Just like Picasso, Nurses works were also drawn from war, misery, pain sufferings and love. It is understood Nearer was a one who believed pen is mightier Han sword, because no matter how difficult his situations were, he responded through his poetry about his life also managing to woo women with his romantic works. In my opinion, Nurses philosophy was to help people understand what was happening around them.Nearer possibly felt that people were living in an environment where their vision was being clouded and he felt it was important to they declare a ravishing and prosperous country to live but they are not getting full advantage of it, this is of mannikin with reference to his work inspired from politics. However, in terms of his love poems, he wanted to help readers look up the poem to heir lives, since he has had experiences which his readers also might have had, such as failed marriage, relationships and falling in love. PART C 8. Day dreamer So often I drown To this thick duster puddle. I do not recall its foundations.It never found m e in sleep, for my eye were never shuttered when it struck. It struck in silence so it never occurred, until the teachers apple struck with vengeance. Reel of images stop abrupt, eyes crowding on me from every needle. My soul lost, hardly found way back inside. I did not stop it, now way But face it. Wrapped around me like load not, like a girl who held my face and let stare. I was living double lives and climb up cliffs. Often climbing halfway, breaking into portals, Nearly reaching summits that let fly buttoned, yet unbuttoned shirts. And often I debate Rums field, beyond right and wrong.Should I Jump, should I survive? I Jump, for I was immortal to the subconscious. So l, the vigilance deficit, flinching at my immortality, divinity, hunger to imagine, comparing myself to the creator, for I nurtured a world where I was, just me. 9. Write a love poem to Mario to Beatrice. Be sure to include metaphor. Perch by Shun Moon ignite? I the brave onlooker, loud but shy, fisherman yet weak, y boat will drop dead at when your waves of gaze taunt me. Perch ? I the Play full lime, Riding along the predominate of Sun, sea and cliff. Absent and careless, present And dreaming.I will pedal for you till the End of top, through hairpins To heaven and fall to the end of bottom. Perch? I the speechless owl, Drifting raft with a leaking drum, Blood and sweat, rush and drain, drench me when you near, This isnt fear, its hard labor, Trying to handle your ignorance As you gush past. Dont look away, Im No prince, Im no Jester, Im no prosperous. Im me, Im strong, Ill wanton with you, Laugh with you, Ill cry With you, I swear on thee Ill flee before sun rise, In look to of metaphors and Come suffer with me, Ill return For you when sun shay away, with bread, butter and love.Perch? I the awful poet, Looking for words to claim Your heart, I may fail now, but this birth I shall spend gathering courage to say I love you. 10. Identify three aspects of Nurses real life used in the film. What facts have been changed? A) Nearer fled his country into exile due to political pressure. B) Nearer was admired by females. C) Nearer very much loved his wife. However, Nurses wife is said to have been a singer, but the movie does not instal any mind of spotlight on her. Also, Nurses exile was not spent in Italy. 1 . How are words shown to have power? State what the film has to say about the power of words and poetry. speech communication are the main reason the character Beatrice fall for Mario, it Marias research on metaphors and poetry that led to him reciting poems that flattered Beatrice. In the movie, Nearer tells Mario that he needs an inspiration for his poetry and not Just words, and Mario figures out that Beatrice has to be the oculus of his inspiration if he has to write her a poem and not Just metaphors.The vie also emphasizes that mountain plays a strong role in writing a poem, as the movie shows Nearer request Mario about the most beautiful things about the town and in the end of the movie Mario recording what are actually the most beautiful things about the town. 12. Beatrice poem to Mario. Wedding bells Walk down the aisle, For I have fallen for thy Words or purity. Find your best man, For Im ready to march With him towards god. Same when two circles Of gold enter this life For the bond that may See no end. Carry me to the shay, For I shall ride with You to the end of the world.

Discuss the social problems that result from the widespread availability of cheap alcohol Essay

The racketing of intoxicant is completely acceptable in m either if non most parts of society and, in the UK, it is licit to be bought by whatsoever wizard everyplace the age of 181. This is a well up- humpn fact but a lesser cognise one is that in the UK, inebriant can be sub judicel(a)y drunk on private premises by anyone oer the age of 52 and youths aged 16 and over whitethorn drink alcohol3 in restaurants from the age of 16 if with an adult4.Apart from religious backgrounds, most people do not see a problem with a temperance attitude towards the economic consumption of alcohol, indeed research suggests that the occasional and moderate consumption of alcohol may exact benefits to health. The problems arise when a culture adopts a overburdened or binge drinking culture. frequently(prenominal) a culture is encouraged and, in a drawing card of cases, do possible by the accessibility of twopenny- half(a)penny alcohol. Just looking at the website for Tesco today5 s hows advertisements for discounted beer, for example 12 x 440ml cans of Fosters for ? 9 or a saving of ?3 for 24 cans at only ? 15. That is beer at only 62p each for a great(p) can, some topic which would apostrophize a someone approx. ?3 3. 50 each in a public ho utilize. It is not just supermarkets which offer cheap deals on alcohol, in my city tonight there bequeath be countless bars offering 2 for 1 deals and half price drinks during their happy hours which usually put up from 6pm until 9pm. This short time period when drinks ar 50% cheaper leads to people being tempted to drink a lot of alcohol during the happy hour period to take advantage of cheap drinks when they are available.Happy hours befool be number so popular that there are Happy Hour Guides online so people know where to go for cheap alcohol6 . Although it may appear, on the surface, that the availability of cheap alcohol is harmless, unfortunately, a number of affectionate problems have arisen as a result of it. These problems have reached much(prenominal) a crisis that for the past 3 years, the regimen has been attempting to address the availability of cheap alcohol from both shops and licensed premises and the length of opening hours in those licensed premises.The sociable problems that have arisen are widely publicised by the media by showing townspeople and city centres on a Friday or Saturday night, awash with drunken teenagers and those in their 20s having partied on cheap alcohol. This always leads to public influence offences in the centres, a nobleer rate of sexual offences and, at the bottom send away of the scale, centres left at the end of the night covered in broken bottles and kebab wrappers. Another lesser known fact is the binge drinkers are 14 times more likely to drive opus impaired compared to people who drink sensible amounts7.Slightly further behind the scenes, but also kinda well publicised are the results seen at the A&E departments following binge dr inking at a weekend when such(prenominal) departments are run off their feet trying to deal with genuine terrible cases whilst, at the same time having to attend to a steady stream of drunk with alcohol related injuries. Such problems are quite well publicised and the public at large are well aware of these results of freely available cheap alcohol being guyd.There are, however, more problems below the surface. In 2010, Sir John Stoddart, Chief Constable of Durham Constabulary spoke to Channel 4 about the affects cheap alcohol was having within his jurisdiction. He claimed that the problem is far larger than binge-fuelled bad behaviour and that his men and women on the beat saw a range of alcohol-related crime and accessible breakdown. In 2009, his constabulary and two neighbouring forces tackled just about 6,500 incidents of domestic help violence where alcohol played a part.The Chief Constable was quoted as saying that he was in no doubt that it was the cut prices and easy av ailability of alcohol that were to blame. 8 Other social problems that arise from freely available cheap alcohol include a general rise in crime, in fact, almost half of all victims of violence invoice that perpetrators were under the influence9. Also, the general health of those who ab occasion alcohol declines and it often leads to an early death. One reason for bad health from alcohol is chronic liver unhealthiness. From 1970 2000, deaths in the UK from cirrhosis increased by 900%.The primary ca drill of cirrhosis is drinking excessively much alcohol. In conclusion, there are numerous social problems which result from freely available cheap alcohol. These problems include health issues, domestic problems, a rise in crime and a general degradation of our town and city centres. II. Expand on the other issues that have make alcohol a significant social problem In the answer above, as well as the main, obvious social issues I did turn over on the problem of health and crime re sulting from the consumption (or rather, over consumption) of alcohol.I will now fly off the handle on these issues in more detail. During a time of austerity institutions such as the NHS are super hard pressed to provide an adequate service to the population. The NHS in England currently has to make ? 20bn of efficiency nest egg (between 2011 and 2015). These savings of 4% a year are needed if the NHS is to meet rising demands and maintain quality, with bread and butter egressively frozen in real terms during the current spending review period. The last thing it needs is for a social issue to increase the number of patients that it has.In 2010, the NHS published a report on the cost of binge drinking, Too much of the hard stuff what alcohol costs the NHS. It cited that consumption of alcohol in the UK had increased by 19 per cent over the previous three decades and that reports indicated that 10. 5 million adults in England drink alcohol above sensible limits and roughly 1. 1 million have a level of alcohol addiction. It also confirmed that alcohol was the third leading cause of disease burden in developed countries and, as a result, the cost of providing alcohol-related services was escalating.It emphasised that over a quarter of the population in England was drinking at hazardous levels and that treating alcohol-related conditions cost the NHS approximately ? 2. 7 one thousand million in 2006/07, almost double the 2001 cost. Furthermore, the pressure to react to drinkers urgent and increasing health needs made it difficult for pr neverthelesstative measures to keep pace. Alcohol has always been an issue in relation to report crime. consort to the Home Office, the incidence of crimes committed under the influence of alcohol is rising steadily.During 2011, in England, almost half of all violent crimes were thought to have involved alcohol. Additionally, just under 40% of all domestic violence was attributed to drunkenness. Additionally, research by th e British Medical Association suggests that between 60 70% of all murders were committed by those under the influence of alcohol. The abuse of alcohol has always been linked to crime levels and the reason for this is the fact that alcohol is classed as a disinhibitor. A disinhibitor is a do doses that tends to remove a persons inhibitions.In essence, alcohol can literally give people the courage to do things they energy not otherwise do. So what makes people drink to excess? There are many factors attributed to surd drinking of alcohol, these include the fact that those from families with a history of drinking are more likely to drink to excess, as are people with a history of abuse. Also cited as a blame for heavy drinking is peer pressure. Another factor, all the more relevant in a time of high unemployment and austerity is the fact that stress both at home and at work and unemployment are known factors to increase the consumption of alcohol.As with the NHS above, during thes e times of austerity, policing the population is strained almost to breaking point. Recent cuts on the budget for forces have led to a 17% cut in police staff with 13,500 few police officers and nearly 3,000 fewer PCSOs. During the period 2011 2015, UK police forces have to make a saving of ? 2. 7bn. In 2012, Her Majesties Inspector of Constabularies confirmed that as many as three different forces within in the UK were flunk due to spending cuts and that others may fail in the near future.With such facts and figures, then with an increase of alcohol abuse, then there is likely to be an increase in reported crime. In such a climate, the last thing that UK forces need are high levels of alcohol related reported crimes. III. Why is cocain considered the main drug of choice for the wealthy? The history of cocain goes back many hundreds of years. Indeed, over grand piano years ago, indigenous South American people use to chew the leaves of cocoa plants for its nutrients.It has bee n known to the western sandwich world since the mid-16th Century, since which it was been used as a drug of leisure and as a medicinal compound. For the absolute majority of this time, the use of cocaine was legal, indeed during the early 20th-century, cocaine was being sold in US drugstores, be 5c 10c for a small boxful. It was commonly used by stevedores along the Mississippi River, who used the drug as a stimulant. During the same period, again in the US, white employers encouraged its use by black labourers in order to increase their work rate.Even as recently as 1916, Harrods were selling a fit out described as A Welcome Present for Friends at the Front containing cocaine, morphine, syringes and needles. However, later that year cocaine was made illegal following reports of drug crazed soldiers. It is currently a class A controlled drug listed on Schedule II of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. During modern times, traditionally, cocaine was always the drug of the rich. This wa s purely due to its price being relatively high in comparison to other controlled drugs.Indeed, during the 1990s when I was working undercover in the drug scene, cocaine was rarely encountered on the street due to its high prices. Other, cheaper drugs such as LSD, Ecstasy and Amphetamine Sulphate (speed) were far more intimately available and much cheaper. More recently, due to a higher supply of the drug, in accordance with the age old apothegm of supply and demand, the price of cocaine has dropped drastically. To illustrate this, in 1999 a gram of cocaine would cost in the region of ? 70. By the mid-2000s, that same gram would only cost about ?35. It suddenly became affordable and therefore its usage increased. In 2007, the UN claimed that 2. 4% of adults in England and Wales use cocaine10. IV. What are the attractions of readily available volunteer(a) drugs? Recreational drugs are used by people to either create or improve a amateurish situation rather than for medical or s piritual purposes. Recreational drugs include alcohol, nicotine and caffein, together with a number of commonly used controlled drugs and, lately, a group of what have been referred to as legal highs.The attractions of alcohol, nicotine and caffeine, together with legal highs11, such as gocaine, ching and AMT to name but a few include the fact that they are legal, easily obtained, relatively cheap, all are quite sociable drugs and, to differing degrees, all of them lift a persons spirits. Controlled (illegal) drugs are also regularly used recreationally. The most common types of recreational drug includes cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy and cocaine.As above, the main attractions of recreational drugs are that they are relatively cheap, especially if compared to the price of alcohol, in particular if one wants a akin(predicate) level of effect. They are a sociable pastime with very few recreational drug users using them in isolation and the majority (with the exception of cannabis) are designed to lift a persons spirits and energy levels. Cannabis on the other hand has the opposite effect allowing a person to relax and it is often used by recreational drug users to help them come down after an episode of using an upper.The fact that such drugs are illegal and even the mere possession of them could lead to a person receiving a criminal record is very shortsighted deterrent to those who wish to use recreational drugs. V. Explore the range of options for resolving the problem of frequent use of recreational drugs The options for resolving recreational drug use vary depending upon the drug in question. There is no control over the use of a drug such as caffeine, a child of any age can walk into any shop in the UK and purchase a jar of coffee, caffeine laced sweets or can of coke.This is because of the sensing that caffeine is harmless and it is socially acceptable to be consumed, normally in a drink such as coffee or coke. Despite the public perception of it, h owever, caffeine is not quite as harmless as people believe. For example, just today it was reported that a 40 year old man died of an overdose of caffeine after eating too many mints with caffeine in them12. Having said that, in the majority of cases, caffeine does not cause any major adverse reaction to its consumption and it is not considered to be a recreational drug which requires resolving.Nicotine on the other hand has slipped out of popularity due to its most popular form of consumption being by ingest tobacco. Smoking was once popular and acceptable in the majority of places and situations, however, in the UK this has changed as a result of the health issues associated to it. The method used to resolve the recreational use of nicotine in the form of smoking tobacco has been to heavily tax it in order to make it unaffordable to the majority and to ban its use in public places.Alcohol is another recreational drug which has recently fallen foul of those in liberty and its us e is currently seen as something which requires resolving. This has resulted from an increase in ill health of drinkers, huge media interest in what they describe as binge drinking and statistics which show that the UK is very high on international statistics as far as alcohol related crime is concerned. This is being done by good study programs regarding the ill effects of alcohol, overt advertising on the ill effects of alcohol use, heavy revenue and overt, strong policing of areas when alcohol is used recreationally.In addition, the government is exploring licensing hours with a view to reducing them in order to make alcohol less accessible and to introduce a minimum price per unit for alcohol in order to make it less affordable. The recreational use of legal highs are slightly harder to resolve. Although such drugs have been available for some time, it is only recently that their use, and indeed the sometimes fatal consequences of such use, has been advertise widely.Such drugs are frequently used by young people who either do not want to break the law and purchase illegal drugs, or by those who cannot afford controlled drugs (which invariably are more expensive). It is very difficult to resolve the use of recreational drugs that are freely available via hundreds of net profit sites and shops around the UK. Most of the legal highs are basically vitamin pills laced with high levels of caffeine or herbs containing the (legal) chemic ephedrine.With their popularity, designers have started to produce a new generation of legal highs, many with effects more nigh associated with stronger drugs like cannabis, ecstasy and cocaine, some even contain the amphetamine-like drug BZP, an artificial chemical originally used as worming tablet for cows. It is very hard to control such sales as, in a similar manner to designer drugs such as those originating from the original MDMA, as soon as a drug is made illegal, the designers just change its chemical make-up so it re mains legal.Although this is easier to control with the UK drug laws than in countries such as the USA, it is still very difficult which is why in the UK, specific legal highs are not made illegal much sooner. The way to resolve the frequent use of such legal drugs is to publicise the ill effect of using them, to investigate their make up and ban those containing dangerous or illegal ingredients. Education beginning early in life is another way to attempt to curg the use of such recreational drugs. I have left to last the ways to resolve the frequent use of controlled recreational drugs.My reason for this is because I do not think that there is a method which will be successful. Firstly, we made the drugs illegal so that no-one would use them. This did not work. We have had a no gross profit policy on drug offenders which also did not work. We have had extensive multi-media drug education programs made in an attempt to show people the ill effects of such drugs but this has not work ed. rough employers have introduced compulsory drug testing in order to identify drug users to make the workplace a safer place.People are still caught regularly which again shows that this does not work. We spend literally ? billions around the world, destroying crops of illegal drugs, funding international drug enforcement initiatives and strengthening our borders but still, the demand is so high that such drugs still manage to make their way into our country. As I said above, I do not think we can prevent such drug use, however, the methods described above will hopefully at least control the use of illegal recreational drugs, if not eradicate it.

Manufacturing processes for bicycle frame and golf club

Al ab protrude every item we mathematical function in our everyday life has been manufactured in some way using a series of incompatible techniques. The task set out in this assignment is to look at two everyday objects and demonstrate the ways in which they hand over been manufactured and what materials present been apply and why these specific manufacturing techniques and materials have been utilize. We in like manner have to look at other possible techniques and materials that could have been utilized instead and what effect this would have had on the final product.The two objects that I have decided to investigate ar the bicycle march and the golf guild. I have chosen to investigate these two items due to their sameity in materials and manufacturing processes except too their diversity as I will demonstrate in the remain of the report. First I will look at the bicycle strain and so the golf participation and then culture with a short conclusion and comparison of the two several(predicate) objects.2. BICYLE FRAMEThe concept of the bicycle was number one conceived in the late 18th century in France where an inventor created a wooden hobby sawhorse cognize as a Celerifere, which had two wheels connected with a beam 1. From this idea there have been numerous alterations and improvements to every aspect of the design that have led to the invention of the modern bicycle. These include the materials apply (wood corrupts complexs), the structural design and the techniques employ to manufacture the frame. The design of the modern frame fecal matter be seen in figure 1, with the names of the pipings labelled on the picture.Figure 1 Diagram of modern bicycle frame with all cracks named 22.1 MaterialsModern bicycle frames stop be make from a variety of different materials fronting on its application. Standard bicycle frames are usually do from some cultivate of alloy debauch much(prenominal)(prenominal) as steel, si or aluminiu m. Steel and titanium alloy frames are in the main more popular due to their increased strength over aluminium crowing them a longer life. aluminium alloy is an ideal material in applications where weight must be cut down and the gobs placed on the frame are not excessive. The calveicular compositions of metals within the alloy are perpetually being altered to improve weight, rigidity and strength. The strength of the material is particularly important in applications such as mountain biking and downhill racing where the frame comes under considerable loads. The structure of the frame also plays a large part in the loads it can take due to the front and rear triangles that distribute the load doneout the entire frame.In the last two decades the use of composite materials has croak more popular, especially in racing pedals due to their increased strength and low weight. These frames are most comm scarce made with some form of structural roughage such as ampere-second or glass. Due to the increased strength along the axis of the fibre, single piece frames can be publishd prominent increased strength in the areas that require it.2.2 Manufacturing ProcessLooking primarily at metal alloy frames, there are two main parts of tube that can be produced. These are melodyless tubes, which are drawn through several layers from a block of metal and the others are known as seam tubes, which are made from sheet metal rolled into tubes and welded along the length of the tube. Seamless tubes are slackly seen as the better election due to the fact that they do not have a seam running along their length, which could be a possible stress concentration area.The process for making circular-knit tubes is as follows First the metal alloy to be use is annealed to soften it and then cut intoed. Once it has been hollowed it is alter once again and then keep in acid to remove any oxidation layers and then lubricated to prevent any oxidation after the pickling sta ge. Secondly the hollow is cut to the practiced dimensions and mitered, a process of shaping the ends of the hollows to fit the contours of the tube to which it is to be attached to. This process is done simply by sawing eat up the necessary shape of the fit and then filing it down to a smooth finish. neighboring the tubes go through a cold drawing process to get them to the right gauge by creating a thinner and longer tube.The tube can also be butted, a process that increases the ponderousness of the tube at the ends due to the increased stresses located at these points and making the tube thinner secure the centre as the stresses are smaller at this location. This process decreases the weight and increases the strength of the frame. The final stage in making the tubes is shaping and tapering them depending on which area of the cycle they are to be used in.Once the tubes have all been made, they are joined unitedly to form the frame using each some form of weld if the tubes are made from metal or joined using an gooey if they are made from composite. The most coming join method for metal frames is, by far, brazing welding. This process involves placing the tubes together and shake uping the joints up to create a white flux, cleaning and melting the joint. Next the brazing filler metal is added, usually brass, which melts below the temperature of the joints and lams around them creating an even seal (figure 2).This process is usually done by a machine but some specialist bike makers will keep mum do this manually. This method of welding is preferred to others, such as MIG and TIG welding, as it can be completed at much rase temperatures and so not adversely affect the properties of the material as it may change its structure at high temperatures (i.e. steel). In some frame constructions welding is not required at all and quite a a lug (figure 3) is used to fix the two frames together. This allows for easy bike maintenance and tube deputy with l ittle effect on the rest of the frame, unlike its welded counterpart.For composite frames, rather than welding the frame together, which would be ineffective, the joints are glued together using a strong gluey. The adhesives used are capable of sustaining the same force as effectively, if not better, than welded joints.Figure 2 Example of braze Figure 3 aluminum lug connecting top tube andwelding on an L-section 3 seat tube 4While the joints are still hot enough, the frame is placed into a jig to ensure that all tubes are aligned justly and if not they are oriented to the right position before the metal cools. The frame is then pickled to remove any excess flux and brazing filler and then grinded for a smooth finish subtle alignment changes can still be made once the frame has cooled.Finally the frames are pickings to be painted to help protect them from oxidation. First the lubricant used to protect them after pickling is cleaned off and then an undercoat is painted onto the frames. After which, a coloured enamel is painted on any by hand or by passing the frame through an electrostatic painting inhabit where the positively charged paint is attracted to the rotating negatively charged frame. Once the frame is finished it is ready for the rest of the bikes components to be added.3. GOLF CLUBThe origins of golf are unclear as many countries had some form of game involving hitting on object with a stick dating as far corroborate as the Roman Empire. Golf as we know it today was popularised in Scotland in the 15th degree Celsius where players would use completely wooden clubs to hit a stuffed leather ball. It wasnt until the introduction of the modern hard meritless golf ball in 1848 5 that the materials used in the club design were altered. First iron was introduced as a material for club heads, used to strike the ball.Wooden heads were still used for certain pinch types. Wooden shafts were still used despite the head material until the early 20th ce ntury when the initiative steel shafts were introduced. In the following years specialised clubs were developed (i.e. sand wedge) and in 1970s the first composite shafts made from high strength materials were introduced but did not gain popularity straight away due to their unpatterned decrease in stiffness resulting in flexing. Developments into composite shafts have made them a popular alternative to steel shafts due to their light weight and strength.Figure 4 Variety of different club heads 73.1 MaterialsThe materials used to manufacture a golf club vary widely depending on the part that is being made such as the grip, shaft and head. The grips can be made of either a sicked synthetic golosh or bound leather, materials with a high coefficient of friction preventing slip. The shaft material can sometimes depend on the application of the club (driver, putter etc.) and are generally made from a unsullied steel, titanium or aluminium for metal frames and a carbon/boron fibre re inforced epoxy.The material used for the golf heads can depend a lot on the type of club that it is. For wood type clubs the most popular materials to use are similar to those used for the shafts stainless steel, titanium and carbon fibre epoxy. Oversized wood heads are often filled with synthetic foam so that the weight is similar to a smaller headed club. It is still possible to purchase wooden heads for the club but these are generally more for aesthetic and traditional purposes than for performance. Irons and wedges generally have heads made from stainless steel, titanium, tungsten, beryllium plate/copper or a combination of these materials. Putters can be made from a lighter, weaker material such as aluminium due to the low impact forces that they sustain as they travel at gradual velocities.3.2 Manufacturing ProcessAs mentioned previously there are three components to the golf club, the grip, shaft and head. Each can be made using a variety of techniques that depend on the m aterial being used and the preference of the manufacturer. The synthetic refuge grips are made by placing the end of the shaft into a hollow die, the required shape of the grip, and injecting the rubber into the hollow. The mould is then left to harden and the shaft is removed from the mould.Depending on the material the shafts can be created in numerous ways. If the shafts are made from steel or stainless steel then they will be made by a process known as tube drawing. There are several different methods for this process such as rod drawing, touch on mandrel drawing and tube sinking. As these methods are closely related I will only look at the situation where the shafts are made via tube sinking. This process involves pulling the tube part way through a die that has a slightly smaller inner diameter than the tube, create the tube to neck down in diameter.This is down several times with smaller lengths of the tube. This process helps to discredit the weight of the shaft and incr ease its strength in the areas of greatest stress (i.e. the shaft/head connection). If the tube is made from a carbon fibre composite a different process can be used. The most common is known as pultrusion where the carbon fibres are fed through a change die with epoxy resin being fed through at the same time (figure 5). The resin hardens under the heat and forms the shaft. The composite shaft does not need to be necked during its manufacture.The metal club heads are made by a process called investment casting. A die, often made of rubber or metal, is made in two separate halves and has a hollow in the shape of the part to be moulded to allow easy removal once the mould has hardened. Wax is injected into the mould and left to harden. The mould is removed and the process is repeated several times until a collection of moulds have been produced. These moulds are then placed on the stem of a tree known as a sprue.The sprue is then invested with semiliquid slurry and coated in a ceram ic powder and left to dry. This process is repeated until the coat is approximately 5-10mm thick. The investment is then placed in a furnace at about 550 1100 oC to melt the wax, which is allowed to flow out of an opening in the bottom of the cast. The cast is then fired and preheated and then inverted to allow the molten metal to be poured into the opening of the cast. Once the metal has cooled and hardened the ceramic shell is broken away and the heads are removed from the tree. The heads are then finished with a heat treatment to harden the step forward of the material and then grinded and polished for a clean surface finish.Another possible method of creating the heads is to heat up a stock piece of metal and forge it in a die to produce the part needed (figure 6). The advantage to this method is an increase in strength as the grains follow the flow of the component rather than being broken up due to casting and machining. The disadvantages of this method can be a poor surf ace finish and the component will usually have to go through several finishing stages to get the finished piece.Figure 5 Composite shaft being made Figure 6 Club head made through thethrough the process of pultrusion 6 process of beat 6Once all the parts have been made the shaft needs to be connected to the head. This can be done by a variety of methods such as creating a thread on the end of the shaft and a thread socket in a short tubular protrusion on the head and screwing them together. Another method is to place the shaft into the head socket and drill a sand trap through both tubes and inserting a metal pin, set with an epoxy resin. If the shaft is made from a carbon fibre composite it is connected to the head using an adhesive, with the advancements in adhesive technologies it is now possible to use an adhesive to bond metal shafts to the heads. The final stage is to check the surface for any blemishes, removing them, and then giving the surface a final polish.4. CONCLUSI ONThe two most similar components of the two items are the tubes of the bike frame and the shaft of the golf club. Both these components are made from the same general materials such as steel, titanium, aluminium and carbon fibre composite but utilize different methods in their construction. While the bike frame tubes are made from hollowing out lengths of metal and then cold drawing them to achieve the right gauge, golf club shafts are made directly from another method of tube drawing known as tube sinking where the tube is drawing through a die with decreasing diameter, creating a necked tube. Although these methods could be interchanged with each other they usually stick with their own methods as they give the crush properties to the components.A similarity in connecting the parts together in both examples was found with the use of an adhesive to bond the carbon fibre tubes of the bike frame and even the metal shaft of the golf club with the head. Although this method could also be implemented with the metal bike frame the common method of joining is still blaze welding as its seen as the most economic method to use.