Economic Growth And Development Of Nigeria Economics Essay

Economic Growth And Development Of Nigeria Economics Essay tillage is an consequential heavens in the create world. It contri howeveres to frugal offset and maturement as well as a major(ip) employer to bulk of the people of Sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria, especially those in the unpolished force fields. This training investigated the mathematical function of farming to Nigerias frugalal supplement and exploitation. Secondary data were employd for the analyses and were obtained from variant publications of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the discipline Bureau of Statistics (NBS). Variables used for the estimations included overall gross interior(prenominal) product (gross home(prenominal) product) of Nigeria, nation GDP, political science spend on kitchen-gardening, computer address to horticulture and the population act in tillage. The data cover the period in the midst of 1981 and 2010. Growth and Cobb-Douglas toil models were estimat ed. The burdens showed that overall GDP, boorish GDP, and government spending to the farming(a) vault of heaven of Nigeria generally off- detect upward trends during the period. Credit to agribusiness and government spending to the agricultural atomic number 18a were the factors found to signifi mickletly turn the contribution of culture to national frugal harvest-feast and cultivation. It is concluded that gardening continues to play important bureau in the economic increase and development of Nigeria. It is recommended that policies should be formulated to instigate the flow of more(prenominal) credit to the agricultural celestial sphere of Nigeria. Besides, it is important that the government of Nigeria to enlarge its spending on the agricultural sector since this positively and signifi preempttly influence the contribution of agriculture to national economic suppuration and development.1.1 Background to the StudyNigeria is wholeness of the largest countries i n Africa, with an estimated population of close to 158 million (World Bank, 2010). The inelegant has highly diversified agro-ecological conditions, which maintains it possible for the production of revolution of agricultural products. Furthermore, agriculture constitutes one of the most momentous sectors of the frugality (Manyong, et. al., 2005). agribusiness in Nigeria employs about 70% of the working population and commits with about 60% to the national income (Oluwasanmi, 1966). Its contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) accounted for about 40% in 2010 (CBN, 2011). During the earlyish days of independence, Nigeria was and settle down in the mouth is relatively self- fitted in food production, and inappropriate supersede earnings from agricultural exports consecrate been used over the years to support in finance imports contracted for economic crop and development (Anderson, 1970).The utilization of verdant production in Nigeria is non only when to cate r the food needed to feed the rapidly growing Nigerian population, but also to provide the money and materials needed for industrialisation and for bringing the unsophisticated into the industrial and technical age (Oyenuga, 1967). In enunciate to carry out this consumption, the agricultural system needs to be reorganized and new techniques of production have to be introduced, such as the use of more efficient implements, correctd seed varieties and fertilizers. To do this, the country not only needs to co-ordinate its agricultural investigate projects and provides capital but also to make available trained field staff who underside ensure the acceptance of these innovations by peasant farmers (Oluwasanmi, 1966). This is because majority of the peasant farmers live in rustic argonas where there is a high level of illiteracy and they exactly accept change.Despite the fact that Nigeria is buoyantly endowed with agricultural and other natural options, the agricultural sector is still growing at a very slow rate. It is only a little over half of the countrys agricultural land is under cultivation (Manyong et al, 2005). Increased use of mechanization leave alone help, but this is not going to be easy given that about 63% of the farms in Eastern Nigeria and 45% of them in Western Nigeria are less than an acre in size of it and many of them are much littler (Oyenuga, 1967).The agricultural sector remained weak during the oil boom decade of the mid-s in timeties, and this accounted largely for the declining manage of its contributions to economic increment and development of the country. The trend of the share of agriculture in national GDP reflects a substantial sportswoman and long-term decline from about 60% in the early sixties by dint of to about 49% in the 1970s and only about 22% in the 1980s. It is believed that unstable and often-poor economic policies (of pricing, trade and exchange rate), the relative abundance of the sector and the negative impact of oil boom were all important factors liable for the decline in agricultural sectors contributions to national economic harvest-festival and development. Since the oil boom of the 1970s, there has been a severe increase in the incidence and drama of distress in the country as a result of the unstable death penalty of the agricultural sector, which employs majority of the poor.As a result of the dwindling executing of agriculture in the country, government have over many years formulated and implemented diverse policies and projects aimed at putting back the agricultural sector to its vital place in the economy. But with licence from observational literatures, no significant supremacy has been accomplishd delinquent to several problems confronting the work of the sector (Yusuf, 2005).However, the contribution of agriculture in both gross domestic product (GDP) and non-oil GDP increased in the 1981-2000 periods. The share of substance bank credit going into the a gricultural sector increased rapidly between the 1981-1985 and 1991-1995 periods and then declined in the 1996-2000 periods. The share of the federal Governments capital expenditure going to the agricultural sector declined immensely over the periods. The share of sum of money employment by the agricultural sector also declined. Generally, there was unstable harvest-festival performance of the agricultural sector between the periods 1981 to 2000, with some evidence of inconsistencies of trends, probably due to uncertainties in policies and insurance implementation. virtually of the problems leading to poor performance of the agricultural sector in the country include technical vents, utility(a) constraints as well as socio-economic problems and organisational constrains. It has been observed that in past policies of the pre-structural allowance period, sector-specific agricultural policies were made to improve agricultural marketing, to cut down production cost, and to enhance product prices as incentives for increased agricultural production. crucial policy instruments are for agricultural commodity marketing and pricing, input supply and distribution, input price, Subsidy, land resource use, agricultural research, agricultural extension and technology transfer, agricultural mechanisation, agricultural cooperatives, agricultural water resource and irrigation development. big policies, institutional policies and legal frameworks complemented sector-specific policies. The structural adjustment period was enhanced more by structural adjustment policies.Problems to agricultural policy strength include policy instability, policy inconsistencies, weak policy formulation, poor policy implementation, and harsh institutional framework for policy coordination (Idachaba, 2005). With reference from the dual economy model, early writers predicted economic development as a growth process that needs the re-allocation of factors of production from a weak, low-product ivity agricultural sector to a modern and commercialized industrial sector with higher productivity and more returns (Lewis, 1954). As a unproblematic sector, agriculture was seen to contribute significantly to economic growth and development by providing labor and food to the industrialization process. However, this idea was taken off by the era of the Green Revolution in Asia during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The possibility of restructuring traditional agriculture into a modern sector shows agricultures capability as a growth sector and its effective role in emphasizing broader development (Adelman, 2001).Although the advantage of connectivity between agriculture and non-agriculture in achieving the growth and development process had long been recognized (Hirschman, 1958, Johnston Mellor, 1961), post-Green Revolution economists stressed the role of agriculture in country growth and development (Haggblade, Hammer, Hazell, 1991 Haggblade, Hazell, Brown, 1989 Hazell Hagg blade, 1991 Hazell Roell, 1983). The vital advantage of agricultural growth on rural development was found to be effective in countries (e.g. Nigeria and other developing countries) where small farms dominated agriculture (Rosegrant Hazell, 2000). Therefore, given massive rural destitution and small- shell farming in Africa, the conventional comprehension of agriculture emphasizes a strong role for agriculture in African growth and development. With reference to the conventional wisdom of agriculture, it is important that policy objectives to promote the role of agriculture in economic growth and development in Nigeria should be realistic and capable of transforming a backward agriculture, and at the same time would also encourage industrial growth and development.The visualize of other developing countries has shown that policies that promote industrial development at the write down of agriculture have resulted in food shortages and economic stagnation. Given Nigerias presen t stage of development, a large-scale industrialization scheme that exit take to the woods to shut out 70% of the population who are engaged in rural pursuits is not the best for the long-term interests of the country (Adeyokunnu, 1971). This is contrary to the idea behind early development strategies advocated by Rosenstein Rodan, Nurkse, and Hirshman among others, who emphasized industrial development as the main source of economic growth and development and were biased against the agricultural sector (Schiff and Valdes, 1998).This work is principally concerned with showing empirically the role of agriculture to economic and development of Nigeria. It draws on the long standing empirical studies on the role of agricultural sector to economic growth and development across the world. Widespread rural poverty in Africa and the success of Asias Green Revolution suggests that agriculture is a key sector for African development. Since almost all rural households depend directly or ind irectly on agriculture, and given the sectors large contribution to the overall economy, it expertness seem obvious that agriculture should be a key sector in economic growth and development. Most African countries have fai lead to meet the requirements for a prosperous agricultural revolution, and productivity in African agriculture lags far behind the rest of the world. This has lately led to renewed debate within the outside(a) development community concerning the role of agriculture in African economic growth and development. This lead will whence contribute to the debate.1.2 The Problem StatementDecline on the role of the agricultural sector in terms of its contribution to Nigerias economic growth and development in the last tercet decades made the government to establish opposite agricultural schemes and programmes to enhance agricultural productivity in the country, which includes River Basin Development Authorities, field of study Accelerated nutrition Production P roject, country Development Project, Operation Feed the Nation, Green Revolution, National directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure, Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund, National Special Programme for Food Security, Root and Tuber Expansion Project as well as National Fadama I and II programmes. This shows that aagriculture has been an important sector in the Nigerian economy for many years, and is still a major sector even with the oil boom. Basically it generates employment opportunities for the growing population, reduces poverty and contributes to the growth and development of the economy.Economic archives provides sufficient evidence that agricultural revolution is important and a pre-condition for economic growth and development, especially in developing countries like Nigeria (Woolf and Jones, 1969 Oluwasanmi, 1966 Eicher and Witt, 1964). The basis of the problem in the Nigerian economy is as a result of poor concentration of the agricultural sector by the Government towards foc utilize more on a mono-cultural economy based on oil.Agriculture was the mainstay of the Nigerian economy before the discovery, exploration and export of oil and over dependence on its revenue for economic expenditure. Agricultural export was contributing to GDP with about 72% between 1955 and 1969 before it fell down to 35% because of the oil crises of early 1970s (CBN, 2002). Nigeria used to be one of the world leading countries in the exportation and production of some major agricultural products between 1940 and 1950. There is evidence from statistics which shows that the export of agricultural products in Nigeria accounted for over 75% of total exports in 1960 (Ekpo and Egwaikhide, 1994). This has changed in recent times as economic growth and development of Nigeria in recent times solely depend on the earning from oil exports that account for over 95%, but contribute with less than 25% in the real gross domestic product (RDGP). This over dependence on oil has affected the countries market forces as well as its economic growth and development (Okoh, 2004).Because gravelly oil is an exhaustible asset, it is not advisable for Nigeria to depend on it for sustainable economic growth and development. Therefore, the need to push into competitive market in advanced countries with our agricultural commodities has to be considered, in order to achieve a prosperous economic growth and development in Nigeria (Thirlwall, 1999). Considering the large size of the Nigerian agricultural sector and its important role in the economy, positive reform and adjustment policies are needed in order to improve the overall performance of the countrys economic growth and development (Kwanashie et al., 1998). Besides the oil sector, agricultural sector contributes significantly to the Nigerian economic growth and development because of its rich resource base. Nonetheless, these endowments have to be used wisely so as to diversify the economy and reduce over dependence on the oil sector and on importation. As a result of unstable oil price and continues increase in the price of import goods, the Nigerian economy is not consistent. All these issues have negative personal effects on the countrys balance of payment, employment and other sectors productivity as well as the purchasing advocator of the people (Bukar, et al., 1997).At present, impact of the Nigerian agricultural sector to economic growth and development of the country is not as it was in the past periods (NPC, 2000). Nigerian agriculture is still traditional as it was in the pre-independence period (Adewumi and Omotesho, 2002). Even with the existence of the two major rivers in the country (river Niger and river Benue) the agricultural sector is still predominantly rain fed (NPC, 2004). Productivity in the Agricultural sector has declined seriously over the years and this has led to high incidence of poverty levels (Jeter, 2004). Results from the World bank data indicate tha t over 70% of Nigerians are living below the poverty line (less than $1 per day), showing that there has been an astronomical growth in the level of poverty in the country most of which is associated to poor agriculture since from independence up till today (Chigbu, 2005). Those engaged in farming are mostly rural people, cultivating small area of land using traditional tools and getting low productivity (NPC, 2004). The problem therefore is that there is special understanding of the role of agriculture in economic growth and development of Nigeria in recent times. This study seeks to address this gap by empirically examining the role of agriculture to economic growth and development of Nigeria.1.3 The question QuestionsThe questions that this study sought to answer areWhat are the trends and growth of agricultural gross domestic product (AGDP) relative to the overall gross domestic product (GDP) of Nigeria?What have been the commitments of successive governments in Nigeria to the agricultural sector in terms of public spending in the sector?What have been the contributions of agriculture to the economic growth and development of Nigeria over the past three decades?1.4 The Research ObjectivesThe main objective of this study is to examine the role of agriculture to economic growth and development of Nigeria. Specifically, the study seeks toDescribe the trends and growth of agricultural gross domestic product (AGDP) in relation to overall GDP of Nigeria.Examine the trends and growth of spending of successive Nigerian governments on the agricultural sector.Estimate the contributions of agriculture to economic growth and development of Nigeria over the past three decades.1.5 Justification of the StudyPolicy makers can make use of the outcome of this study in multi-dimensional form. This can be done in terms of interwoven nature of rural employment with agriculture, food warranter and agricultural productivity. This is because the findings will provide the basis that economic growth and development in Nigeria should be led by agriculture and that the success of plans and policies implemented in the other sectors are depended on agricultural developments for their successful implementation.The outcome of the study will also help policy makers to critically examine the various key possibilities of promoting economic growth and development in Nigeria with regards to the role of agriculture in economic growth and development. about of these which are of relevant to policy may include issues ofHow different alternative economic growth and development states can be achieved using agricultural sectors contribution with the view to decide which one is the best.How societal wellbeing can be improved from a lower stage to a better stage using agricultural sectors contribution to the economy.How to identify all areas in which the agricultural sector fails and to consider corrective measures.How to estimate different policy options that have been u sed to improve agricultural sector as well as determine their implications and consequences on the economic growth and development of Nigeria.How to provide a framework in which different agricultural growth policies can be compared using value judgement and common sense.How to make a critique of different postulates about how agricultural development policies can be improved so that it can provide a menu for better policy measures.1.6 Scope and Organisation of the StudyThe scope of this study is to look at the role of agriculture to economic growth and development of Nigeria spanning the last three decades (i.e. 30 years). The study is organised into v main chapters. Chapter one is the introduction which consists of the background to the study, the problem statement, the research questions, the research objectives, the justification of the research and the scope and organisation of the study. Chapter two is the literature review which consists of literature on Agricultural Product ion in Africa and Nigeria, Agricultural Production and Economic Growth and Development, Commitments of governments to Nigerian agriculture, Agriculture as a Source of Employment for Poverty Reduction, Finally, summary of the literature review and conclusions. Chapter three is the methodology employed in order to achieve the research objectives which consists of profile of Nigeria, the theoretical and model specifications, data types and sources of data. Chapter four is presentation of the results and discussions. Chapter five is the summary of the findings, conclusion and recommendations. After this are the references and appendix.CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter presents an overview of the relevant empirical literature in the subject matter. The chapter is divided into five main subsections. The first subsection is presentation of Agricultural Production in Africa and Nigeria. The second subsection is presentation of Agricultural Production and Economic Grow th and Development. Commitments of governments to Nigerian agriculture are presented in the third subsection. The fourth subsection brings to light literature on Agriculture as a Source of Employment for Poverty Reduction. Finally, summary of the literature review and conclusions drawn are presented in subsection five.2.2 Agricultural Production in Africa and NigeriaThere is a growing argument over whether agriculture is still playing important role in economic growth and development in sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultures theorists explain that, in most of the African countries, only the agricultural sector has sufficient scale and growth-linkages to significantly influence aggregate growth and development. Achieving such growth and development will have to do with a large sector like agriculture, which accounts for one-third of gross domestic product (GDP) for the subcontinent as a whole, and an even larger share for two-thirds of African countries. Economists also explain that agricu ltures poor performance leads to inadequate enthronization and policies that are historically biased against the agricultural sector (Fan, Zhang, Rao, 2004 Schiff Valdez, 1992 Timmer, 2005). They show the large benefits from investing in rural infrastructure and agricultural technology, and the growth and development potential from catching up to the productivity levels of other developing countries. During the period from 1990 to 2004, African industry, including mining and mineral-based manufacturing, grew at 1.9% per year compared to 2.5% for agriculture (World Bank, 2006). This is an indication of the importance of agriculture to economic growth and development across Africa.By contrast, there are others who doubt whether or not agriculture can successfully generate sufficient growth and development in Africa today. This doubt shows the poor performance of agriculture, weak institutions for rural growth and development, and worsening agro-ecological conditions in most of the African countries (Collier, 2002 Ellis, 2005 Maxwell Slater, 2003). The large size of the agricultural sector may be the reason for Africas failure to grow and develop, especially since past experience forecasts a significant decline in the importance of agriculture over time in successfully developing countries (Collier, 2002). For those who argue that agriculture should not be put at the center of African growth and development, although the sectors sufficient growth and development linkages proved very strong during Asias Green Revolution, it may not be so much in Africa because of a more integrated global environment (Hart, 1998). Border prices determine food prices more than domestic supply when imports can enter freely, which reduces the need to invest in domestic agriculture to maintain urban food prices and real wages and hence industrial competitiveness. Under these conditions, it is effortful for agriculture to play important role of economy-wide growth and development as well as facilitating the economic break shown by theory or witnessed in the past successes of other developing countries. Agricultures skeptics therefore tend to be more concerned of African industry, emphasizing that mining and manufacturing may bring viable alternative sources of growth and development.Despite contrasting opinions on the relative importance of agriculture in generating overall growth and development, there should presumably be less contention surrounding the role of agriculture in poverty reduction, which is one of the key issues for achieving economic growth and development. This is especially so given the importance of agricultural incomes for Africas poorest populations. However, even among agricultures advocates, there are conflicting views over what should be the focus of an agricultural growth and development dodge for low-income Africa (Dorward, et al., 2004). Some suggest that the best opportunities for African farmers lie in high-value commodities and , given poor domestic supplicate in Africa, that production should focus on export markets. Small-scale farms are seen as irrelevant due to international competition and the growing difficulties of supply-chains for both domestic and orthogonal markets (Reardon, Timmer, Barrett, Berdegue, 2003). It is argued that rural dwellers should plan on diversifying incomes away from agriculture (Ashley Maxwell, 2001) and focus on going to urban areas (Ellis Harris, 2004). On the other hand, others argue that rural income variegation has been a reality in Africa for many years (Barrett Reardon, 2000 Reardon et al., 2003) and has yet to achieve significant income growth. Furthermore, income diversification is not a significant positive phenomenon, especially if diversification is due to stagnant agricultural growth and development (Haggblade, Hazell, Reardon, 2002) or if migration is as a result of growth in low-productivity urban activities (Lipton, 2004). The biggest market benefits fo r majority of African farmers comes from domestic and regional markets for staples/food crops (Diao Hazell, 2004 Rosegrant, Paisner, Meijer, Witcover, 2001).2.3 Agricultural Production and Economic Growth and DevelopmentProvision of sufficient food for the growing population puts agriculture at the center of current growth and development issue in developing countries. This is because the level of population growth in most developing countries is far more than the level of agricultural production and growth. Malthusian theory of population growth is becoming true in these countries hence, the need to grow and develop agriculture to meet the food requirement of the people is very important. face at the Malthusian theory, if food supply fail to meet demand then food prices will rise. This will also have effect on workers wages and subsequently affect industrial profits, investment and overall economic growth and development in the bon ton (Uniamikogbo, 2007).On the supply of raw ma terials to the industrial sector, agriculture have been seen as the major requirement for industrial growth and development because of the sectors role in providing the necessary raw materials for industries (Child, 2008 Uniamikogbo, 2007 and Abayomi, 2006). As a result of this, the need for increasing agricultural productivity has to be considered. There is the need therefore to put more emphasis on increasing domestic produce rather than focusing more on the expansion of export to finance growing food export. This fashion that, agriculture is the most influential sector in developing countries. It should then make a significant contribution to the overall investment requirements needed by the industrial sector such as punishing the amount of raw materials supplied from abroad by increasing the output produced locally.Agriculture has been the main stay of the Nigerian economy providing employment and source of livelihood for the teeming population. It contributes with over half of the GDP of the Nigerian economy during much of post-independence in the country. Nonetheless, the role it plays in the economic growth and development of the country has gone down over the years due to the overwhelming and dominant role of the crude oil sector in the economy, on which the country extensively depends. With the high food demand in Nigeria, the country has to make use of its abundant natural resources and to take advantage of its current democracy to increase the volume of crop production towards satisfying the food and nutritional requirement of the rapidly growing population and to ensure food security department in the country (Enoma, 2010) . Therefore, agriculture can be characterized as the source of national wealth and economic growth and development in Nigeria.Agricultural Development economists have researched significantly on how agriculture can best contribute to overall economic growth and development. Looking at Lewis theory of development, Todaro and S mith (2003) indicated that the develop economy consists of two sectors, which are the ancient and traditional agricultural sector characterized by zero peripheral labor productivity and the modern industrial sector. In his historical approach to the process of economic growth and development, Rostow (1960) distinguishes five stages of economic growth and development, which are Traditional society Pre-conditions for takeoff Take-off Drive to maturity and duration of high mass-consumption. According to Rostow, the take-off stage is the most important figure in the life of a society when growth becomes its normal condition. The significance and importance of the traditional society make a decisive uncovering and a multiple interest gets built into the society structure with agriculture playing significant role at this stage. From this theory, it is evident that agriculture plays a significant role in the first three stages of economic growth and development (Traditional society, pre -conditions for takeoff and takeoff stages). The agricultural sector greatly influences industrial and economic acantha from which a countrys economic growth and development can take off. Therefore, beyond reasonable doubt, agricultural activities are usually concentrated and more practiced in the less-developed countries where there is an urgent need for rural transformation, redistribution, poverty alleviation and socio-economic growth and development (Stewart, 2000).Indeed, agriculture has a significant role in an economy, without it a country will surely depend on importation from other countries to feed its population. The essential contribution of agriculture to economic growth and development has been an on-going subject of debate among development economist, several theorist argue that growth of the whole economy relies on the development of agricultural sector (Schuttz, 1964, Gollin, Parente and Rogerson 2002). The growth and development of the agricultural sector could re sult to national output increase through its effect on rural incomes and provision of resources for transformation into an industrialized economy (Eicher and Staatz, 1984 Dowrick and Gemmmell, 1991 Datt and Ravallion, 1998 Thirtle, Lin and Piesse 2003). Johnston and Mellor (1961) reported that agriculture improves and contributes to overall economic growth and development through various inter-sectoral linkages. Which include, provision of surplus labor to the industrial sector supply of food for domestic consumption mental hospital of market for industrial output provision of domestic savings and industrial investment and generation of foreign exchange from agriculture export earnings to finance import of intermediate and capital goods respectively. However, In addition to the above-mentioned direct market-based linkages, Timmer (1995) found out that agriculture indirectly contributes to economic growth and development through its caloric nutrient intake provision to the poor, foo d availability stable food prices and poverty reduction. red ink by all the debated arguments, it is clear that agricultural growth and development has played a historically important role in the process of economic growth and development. However, acts from developed countries as well as developing countries indicate that agricultural sector has been the engine that contributes to the overall growth and development of a countrys economy. Agriculture therefore plays an important role in achieving economic growth and development.2.4 Commitments of Governments to the Agricultural Se