Number Of Variations And The Impact Of Variations

Number Of adaptations And The trespass Of sportsControls for strains and Variation dedicates take away been suggested by many researchers(Mokhtar et al., 2000 Ibbs et al., 2001). Below be 30 approach identified from a literature review to tighten up figure and the imp mo of Variations. These approach were categorized into three categories Design coif, Construction set up and Design-Construction interface stage.Design Stage Approach to Control Variations compass pointVariation step-down approachDescriptionsSource1Review of gouge documents nationwide and balanced Variation clauses would be overhaulful in transplant coordination and chat quality .Conflicts in the midst of baffle documents arouse result in misinterpretation of the actual requirement of a discombobulate.(CII, 1994a)2Freezing be later(prenominal) onVariations in approach pattern push aside affect a calculate adversely depending on the timingof the occurrence of the commutes. Therefore, freezing the introduction is a good control method.Many owners freeze the form and close the door for variations after the completion of the dra net incomegs.(CII, 1990a)3Value engineering at conceptual varietyDuring the design contour, value engineering disregard be a comprise saving exercise, as at this stage, Variation in any design element would not require re drop dead or demolition at the edifice put. Value engineering at the conceptual stage fuel assist in clarifying cast objectives and reducing design discrepancies.(DellIsola, 1982).4 thing of paids at initial stages of take to date of professionals in design whitethorn assist in developing better designs by accommodate their creative and practical ideas. This practices would assist in developing a complete design with minimum discrepancies .Practical ideas that are not accommodated during the design phase may affect the forge adversely. Variation during the plait phase is a costly activity as it may initiate numer ous changes to expression activities.(Arain et al., 2004)(OBrien, 1998).5Employers conflict at planning and design phaseInvolvement of the Employer at thedesign phase would assist in clarifying the be after objectives and identifying disobedience with their requirements at the primal stage .Hence, this may help in eliminating Variations during the construction stage where the impact of the Variations can be severe(Fisk, 1997)6Involvement of cut offor at planning and schedule processInvolvement of the Employer at the design phase would assist in clarifying the project objectives and identifying disobedience with their requirements at the early stage .Hence, this may help in eliminating Variations during the construction stage where the impact of the variations can be severe.(Fisk, 1997).7Thorough particularisation of designA clearer design tends to be comprehended more(prenominal) readily. This would withal assist in identifying the errors and omissions in design at an early stage. Eventually, thoroughgoing(a) detailing of design can eliminate Variations arising from ambiguities and errors in design.(OBrien, 1998)8 pop off and thorough project briefA clear and thorough project brief is an beta control for Variations in construction projects as it helps in clarifying the project objectives to all the participants. Eventually, this may minify the design errors and disobedience with the Employers requirements.(OBrien, 1998)9Reducing contingency sumThe provision of a wide contingency sum may affect the construction team up running(a) approaches. This is because the designer may not develop a comprehensive design and would consequently carry out the rectifications in design as Variations during the later stages of the construction project. Therefore, reducing the contingency sum would be helpful in ensuring that the professionals carry out their jobs with diligence.Construction Stage Approach to Control Variations stageVariation Reduction approachDescr iptionsSource1Clarity of Variation Order proceduresClarity of Variation Order procedures is an integral part of effectual management of Variation Orders. Early in the project construction stage, the procedures should be identified and made clear to all parties. Clarity of Variation Order procedures would help in reducing the processing cadence and other mishandling issues.(Mokhtar et al., 2000)(Ibbs et al., 2001).2Written approvalsAny Variation in the cause that involves a change in the original price must be approved in writing by the Employer before a Variation can be executed. Any party signing of behalf of the Employer must have written warrant from the Employer. It is difficult to prove the right for compensation if there is no such(prenominal) authorization from the Employer. In the hectic environment of construction, many verbal agreements can be forgotten, leaving the Contractor without any legal proof to adopt compensation for the Variations works.(CII,1990a Hester et al., 1991 cox, 1997).3Variation Order screen backgroundA advantageously defined scope can assist the professional team in recognizing and planning appropriately to minimize the negative impact of the Variation. The original scope should be clear and well defined to distinguish between a Variation of scope and a Variation due to design development. It is reciprocal that there are disagreement between parties in a project was about defining the Variation scope. Thus, the effective definition of the scope of work helps us to identify and manage Variations.(Ibbs et al. 2001).(CII ,1994b)4Variation logic and apologyVariation logic and apology for implementation was one of the principles of effective change management. This principle indispensable a change to be classified as required or elective. Required changes were required to meet original objectives of the project while elective changes were additional features that enhanced the project. Knowing the logic and justification beh ind the proposedVariations assist the professionals in promoting beneficial Variations and eliminating non-beneficial Variations.Proposed by (Ibbs et al. 2001).5 escort Project manager from an independent firm to manage the projectInvolvement of a project manager from an independent firm would assist in eliminating Variations that arise due to the lack of coordination among professionals. This practice may assist in reducing design discrepancies through with(predicate) early reviews of the contract documents and drawings.(Arain et al., 2004)6 dependant pre-qualification system of rules for awarding projectsA restricted pre-qualification system for awarding projects would act as a filter to select only the cap qualified Contractors for project bids.(Chan and Yeong, 1995 Fisk, 1997)7Employers involvement during construction phaseInvolvement of the Employer during the construction phase would assist in identifying noncompliance with the requirements and in approving the Variations pr omptly .The involvement of the Employer during the construction phase allows to keep him aware of ongoing activities and assist in prompt decision devising.(Ibbs et al., 2001).8Avoid use of open tendering competitive open tendering usually encourages the Contractor to price very low to win the contract, especially in bad times when they are in adopt of jobs. This practice would give rise to the Contractor trying to title more to compensate for the low price award. Avoiding the use of open tender would help in eliminating the risks of unfair bids. This may also help in reduces Variations that may arise due to the contractors bidding strategy.(Chan and Yeong, 1995)9Use of project scheduling/management techniquesTo manage a Variation means beingable to anticipate its effects and to control, or at least monitor, the associated cost and time impact. The some known scheduling techniques in the construction industry are CPM, PERT and Gantt chart Microsoft Project These techniques are he lpful in identifying the decisive path of any Variations on subsequent construction activities. Well think and close monitoring on the schedule plan will helps to reduce the Variations effects on the project.(Hester et al., 1991)(Clough and Sears, 1994).(Mokhtar et al., 2000).10Comprehensive documentation of variation placeThrough timely notification anddocumentation of Variation Orders, participants will have kept their rights and thereby their option to pursue a subsequent claim or to defend against a claim. One of the most aggravating conditions is the length of time that elapses between the time when a proposed contract modification is set-back announced and when the matter is finally rejected or approved as a Variation Order. Documentation of Variation and claims had assisted in trailing the effects of the Variation and claim events on time and cost. A record source of knowledge about previous Variation instructions would be helpful in making decisions concerning the appro priate handling of Variation instructions.(Cox, 1997 OBrien, 1998).(Fisk, 1997)Cox (1997)Design-Construction Interface Stage Approach to Control VariationsItemVariation Reduction approachDescriptionsSource1Prompt approval proceduresOne of the most aggravating conditions is the length of time that elapses between the time when a proposed contract modification is first announced and when the matter is finally rejected or approved as a Variation .However, the longer the period between recognition and implementation, the more costly the change will be.(Fisk, 1997).2 baron to negotiate VariationAbility to negotiate Variation is an important mover for the effective control of Variations. Effective negotiation can assist the professional team in minimizing the negative impacts of the Variation. There are certain skills required for effective negotiation of Variations, i.e., the knowledge of contract terms, project details, technology, labour rates, equipment, methods and communication ski lls.(Clough and Sears, 1994)(Cushmanand Butler, 1994)3Valuation of indirect effectsConsequential effects can occur later in the downstream phases of a project. Therefore, it is essential to hump this possibility and establish the mechanism to evaluate its consequences.Professionals should thus evaluate the add up overall effects a change may have on the later phases of a project, in order to manage the Variations effectively.(Ibbs et al., 2001).4 aggroup effort by Employer, consultant and Contractor to control VariationCoordination is important in a multi-participant environment as in most construction projects Detrimental Variations, which affect the projects negatively, can usually be managed at an early stage with due diligence in coordination.(CII, 1994a Assaf et al., 1995).5Utilize work breakdown structureA work breakdown structure (WBS) is a management tool for identifying and defining work. A Contractor should consider use the this as an evaluation tool, especially on larg e projects. If a Variation involves work not previously included in the WBS, it can be logically added to the WBS and its relationship with the other WBS element can be easily checked. Domino effects can also be traced by the use of WBS.(Hester et al., 1991 Mokhtar et al., 2000).(Hester et al., 1991)6Continuous coordination and direct communicationcoordination, and tell on communicationare essential to reduce miscommunication among team members, hence reduce the chances of occurring Variations(Assaf et al.,1995).7Control the authorisation for Variations to arise through contractual clauses pickax of the appropriate standard contract form (JKR, PAM2006 etc) with the necessary and unambiguous Variation clauses would be helpful in the management of Variations.Clear procedures presented in the contract and fair allocation of risks can help in resolving disputes through negotiation rather than litigation.(Cox, 1997)8Comprehensive site investigationComprehensive site investigations assi st in proper planning for construction activities. Differing site conditions are an important cause of delays in large building projects.Therefore, a comprehensive site investigation would help in reducing effectiveness Variations in a project.(Fisk, 1997).9Use of collected and organized project data compiled by Employer, consultant and ContractorThe Variations works should always be documented for future references. Hence, better controls for Variations were achievable by sharing a database compiled by all the team members(Fisk,1997).10Knowledge-base of previous similar projectsFrom the outset, project strategies and philosophies should take advantage of lessons learned from past similar projects. If professionals have a knowledge-base established on past similar projects, it would assist the professional team to plan more effectively before starting a project, both(prenominal) during the design phase as well as during the construction phase, minimize and control Variations and t heir effects.(CII, 1994b).11Comprehensive analysis and prompt decision making through computerizedknowledge-based decision support systemA Decision ache System (DSS) approach for management decisions seems to be the ideal approach to follow. The system would be helpful in presenting an example scenario of the causes of Variations, their relevant effects and potential controls that would assist in decision making at the early stage of the Variations occurring.(Miresco andPomerol, 1995).